Note: This is a draft provided for TC member's disucussion, and not for public review.
Pictorial
Image Matching (SMB);
N. Katoh, "Practical Method for Appearance Match between
Soft Copy and Hard Copy," SPIE 2170, 170-181 (1994).
N. Katoh, "Appearance Match between Soft Copy and Hard Copy
under Mixed Chromatic Adaptation," Proc. IS&T/SID
Color Imaging Conf. 3, 22-25 (1995).
N. Katoh, K. Nakabayashi, "Effect of Ambient Light on Color
Appearance of Soft Copy Images," Proc. AIC Color 97 Kyoto,
2, 582-585 (1997).
N. Katoh, K. Nakabayashi, M. Ito, S. Ohno., "Effect of Ambient
Light on Color Appearance of Softcopy Images: Mixed Chromatic
Adaptation for Self-luminous Displays," J. Elec. Imaging,
7, 794-806 (1998).
In Katoh's experiment [Katoh, 1994], softcopy images on the CRT screen were compared with the hardcopy image under an F6 illuminant. It was found that the HVS was 60% adapted to the monitor's white point and 40% to the ambient light, when seeing softcopy images on a CRT screen (note that the adaptation shift from the monitor's white point was 40%). And the ratio was found to be independent of image contents, luminance and CCT of the monitor's white point, and ambient illuminant levels [Katoh, 1994; 1995; 1997; 1998].
R. S. Berns, K. H. Choh, "Cathode-Ray-Tube to Reflection-Print Matching under Mixed Chromatic Adaptation Using RLAB," J. Elec. Imaging 4, 347-359 (1995).
Berns and Choh [Berns, 1995] have also performed visual experiments for a cross-media comparison at a mixed state of chromatic adaptation. In their experiments, the luminance of monitor's peak white was set to 56.8 cd/m2 and the luminance of paper white was 75.7 cd/m2. Their results were very similar to Katoh's previous experiments; an image with an adaptation shift of 50% was most preferred.
Y. Shiraiwa, Y. Hidaka, T. Mizuno, T. Sasaki, K. Ohta, A. Usami, "Color Appearance Matching in Hard-copy and Soft-copy Images in Different Office Environments," SPIE 3300, 148-158 (1998).
Shiraiwa, et al. [Shiraiwa, 1998] tested mixed adaptation with their newly-proposed method under seven different illumination conditions. Their method includes compensation for color rendering under different illuminants. Mixed adaptation (S-LMS) was proved to be superior to conventional CMSs and as good as their proposed method, when CCT of the illuminant were different. Although the mixed adaptation was applied in CIE/xy coordinates, the adaptation ratio was also 50-60%, which is also very similar to the previous studies.
S. Sueeprasan, M. R. Luo, "Incomplete Chromatic Adaptation under Mixed Illuminations," Proc. IS&T/SID's Color Imaging Conf., 9, xx-yy (2001).
Sueeprasan and Luo [Sueeprasan, 2001] performed the experiment that followed CIE/TC8-04's experimental guidelines. In their study, CATs (chromatic adaptation transforms) were varied; CMCCAT97, CAMCAT2000, CIECAT94 and S-LMS were used. They also performed experiments at nine different phases, with three different illuminants (D50, CWF and A), and two different luminance levels (60 and 10 cd/m2 for monitor and ambient luminance). They found that adaptation ratio between 40 and 60 % are most preferred for all the CATs. This was independent of illuminant types, luminance levels and image contents.
For the simultaneous cross-media comparisons, since ones' eyes are not fixated, it could be assumed that the HVS is more affected by the ambient illumination than achromatic experiments that assume fixated state of chromatic adaptation..
S. A. Henley, M. D. Fairchild, "Quantifying Mixed Adaptation in Cross-Media Color Reproduction," Proc. IS&T/SID Color Imaging Conf., 8, 305-310 (2000).
Henley and Fairchid [Henley, 2000] applied mixed adaptation to four different CATs, and tested them with six different matching methods. They used a 9x9 array of square patches on a white background. They concluded that incorporation of a mixed adaptation improved the results in all conditions over the single adaptation. Its improvement was most notable at the simultaneous comparison (condition #5), which is similar to others' experimental settings, though the adaptation ratio was very large (about 90 %, i.e., adaptation shift is 10 %). Also, their result varied much under different conditions.
Since they used color patches instead of pictorial images, we cannot make straight comparison with other aforementioned pictorial image comparison experiments, but their results indicates that different results can be found with a different experimental settings.
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Katoh 1994 Katoh 1998 Katoh 2001 |
S-LMS (HPE) S-LMS (HPE) *HPE/LinBFD/XYZ/sRGB |
RLAB RLAB *RLAB/D-Factor/No |
*60% *60% 60% |
accordance with CIE/TC8-04's experimetal guidelines. |
| Berns 1995 | RLAB (HPE) | RLAB | *50% | incorporated mixed adaptation into RLAB |
| Shiraiwa 1998 | CIE/xy | No | *50-60% | *incorporated compensation for color rendering. |
| cf. Henley 2000 | CIELAB (XYZ) | Too much variation at different conditions (20-100%). | used color patches instead of pictorial images at 6 different configurations (MEM/SCB/SMB x Ambient On/Off). | |
| vonKries (HPE) | ||||
| CIECAM97s (BFD/wNL) | ||||
| S-LMS (HPE) | RLAB | 60% | ||
| Sueeprasan 2001 |
*CMCCAT97 (BFD/wNL) = CIECAM97s |
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followed CIE/TC8-04's experimetal guidelines. | |
| *CMCCAT2000 (New) | ||||
| *CIECAT94 (HPE(D65)/wNL) | ||||
| *S-LMS (HPE) | RLAB | *40-60% | ||
| CIE TC8-04 Proposal |
CMCCAT2000 or CIE revised (TC1-34) |
D-Factor | 60% | To be discussed |
N. Katoh, K. Nakabayashi, "Applying Mixed Adaptation to Various Chromatic Adaptation Transforms," Proc. IS&T PICS Conf., 299-305 (2001).
In 2001, Katoh and Nakabayashi [Katoh, 2001] compared different CATs and incomplete adaptation methods. They found that linearized BFD performed best slightly followed by HPE. For the incomplete adaptation methods, RLAB and D-factor perfomed almost the same, and much better than no incomlete adaptation (i.e., complete adaptation).
S. Sueeprasan, M. R. Luo, "Incomplete Chromatic Adaptation under Mixed Illuminations," Proc. IS&T/SID's Color Imaging Conf., 9, 316-320 (2001).
Sueeprasan and Luo [Sueeprasan, 2001] also compared different CATs. They concluded CMCCAT2001 gave always the best results. However, it could also be found that CMCCAT97 (which is incorporated in CIECAM97s) and S-LMS performed as well as CMCCAT2001.
Achromatic
Color Matching;
In the achromatic color matching experiments, observers' task is either to select the test patch that appears most achromatic, or to adjust the chromaticity of the test patch so that it appears achromatic.
D. H. Brainard, K. Ishigami, "Factors Influencing the Appearance of CRT Colors," Proc. IS&T/SID Color Imaging Conf., 3, 62-66 (1995).
In the experiment #1 of Brainard and Ishigami [Brainard, 1995], it was found that the adaptation shift from the monitor's white point caused by the ambient light was about 10-20% in CIE 1931/xy coordinates for a small test patch (1.35 x 1.35 deg.).
K. H. Choh, D. S. Park, C. Y. Kim, T. S. Seo, "Effects of Ambient Illumination on the Appearance of CRT Colors," Proc. IS&T/SID Color Imaging Conf., 4, 224-226 (1996).
Choh, et al. [Choh, 1996] used a test patch of 2 x 2 deg. and defined the adaptation shift ratio in CIE 1976/u'v' coordinates. They performed the experiments for three different types of illuminants and at three levels of ambient luminance. When the CRT was set to 9300K and the ambient illuminance was F2, the shift from the monitor's white point was about 15%.
P. Oskoui, E. Pirotta, "Determination of Adapted White Points for Various Viewing Environments," Proc. IS&T/SID Color Imaging Conf., 7, 101-105 (1999).
Oskoui and Pirrotta [Oskoui, 1999] employed a multiple-stimuli, interactive, neutral-determination method, called MIND. At the ambient illuminance of 64 lux, adaptation shift was about 8 %, while adaptation shift increased to about 15 % at the ambient illumination of 840 lux.
Y. G. Kim, J. Y. Kim, E. Y. Chung, Y. H. Ha, "Effect of Ambient Light Source for the Appearance of Color Image on CRT Monitor," SPIE 4300, 348-357 (2001).
Kim, et al. [Kim, 2001] also studied the effect of ambient light source for the appearance of color image on CRT monitors. Their results also indicated that adaptation shift caused by the ambient light is between 5 and 17 %.
All of these experiments indicated the shift caused by the ambient illumination was subtle (about 5 to 20%). This could be mainly explained by the fact that the observers' eyes were fixated at the CRT screen in their experimental setup, thus the state of chromatic adaptation was more complete.
Time
Course of Chromatic Adaptation
It has been believed that the adaptation mechanisms take as long as tens of minutes or even an hour. But this belief only applies to the lightness adaptation, not to the chromatic adaptation.
M. D. Fairchild, P. Lennie, "Chromatic Adaptation to
Natural and Incandescent Illuminants," Vision Research 32,
2077-2085 (1992).
M. D. Fairchild, L. Reniff, "Time Course of Chromatic Adaptation
for Color-Appearance Judgments," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 824-833
(1995).
Fairchild
and Lennie have measured the time course of chromatic adaptation
[Fairchild, 1992]and found that
the chromatic mechanisms were very rapid, in the order of tens
of seconds. Fairchild and Reniff later extended their study [Fairchild, 1995] and indicated the possibility
of two mechanisms for chromatic adaptation, the first being a
rapid mechanism with a time constant of 0.9 to 1.5 second, and
the second being a slower mechanism with a time constant of 38
to 53 second. The general form of such a function is expressed
as;
Y = 1.0 - [K1exp(-X1t) + K2exp(-X2t)]
where "Y" is the proportion adapted, "t" is the adapting duration, "K1" and "K2" are scaling factors and "X1" and "X2"are the exponential time constants of the two mechanisms [Fairchild, 1995]. The overall average response for six conditions and three observers from their experimental results is shown in Figure. According to their result, the human visual system's adaptation reaches 60% very quickly in a few seconds, but after that it takes almost two minutes to reach 100% adaptation.
In the pictorial image experiments, no time restriction for the image comparison was posed on observers (except Hanley's). Most of the observers viewed the images back and forth at a few seconds intervals. If the basic state of observer's adaptation was 0% adapted to the monitor and 100 % to the ambient light, his state of chromatic adaptation would quickly be shifted to the monitor's white point as in Figure when an observer starts viewing a monitor. And when the observer's eyes go away from the softcopy image on the CRT monitor, his state of adaptation would quickly go back to the basic state. These results would explain why the 40-60% adapted images had the best score in those experiments.
However, when the state of chromatic adaptation is fixed to single state, i.e., when observers were forced to see each image for a few minutes, his state of chromatic adaptation becomes almost complete to each viewing condition. This also explains why achromatic color matching experiment results had a very little shift from the complete adaptation. Therefore, the experimental results would have been different, if successive binocular method (SCB) with time restriction was applied for the visual experiments.